Momadays The Way To Rainy Mountain: Summary :: essays research papers

Momaday's The Way to Rainy Mountain: Summary      N. Scott Momaday separates his book The Way to Rainy Mountain in an intriguing way. The book is separated into three sections, every one of which contains twelve or so numbered areas, every one of which is isolated into three parts. The initial segment of each numbered area will in general be a legend or a story of the Kiowa culture. Be that as it may, this trademark changes a piece as the book advances, as does the style and feel of the narratives.      The first entry in the first numbered area portrays the Kiowa creation legend. It tells that they appeared on the scene through an empty log. The next ones recount a pooch sparing the life of a man, the narrative of how Tai-me became some portion of their way of life, and different stories. These, particularly in the first start of the initial segment, are stories which relate immortal stories. The occasions portrayed occurred quite a while in the past, however no one realizes to what extent. Furthermore, the endings of the stories would presumably be portrayed as having a decent result. The individuals were made and they discovered companions in the physical and otherworldly world. The initial segment of the book portrays the start of the Kiowa culture and their turn of events.      Towards the finish of the initial segment, the tone of the accounts changes. Rather than portraying various stories each time, they start to recount to a story which proceeds through six numbered segments. The story relates the life of a child who develops into the sun's significant other who at that point has a  ·child who gets two kids, who become respected individuals according to the Kiowa. These accounts do not clarify things like the making of the individuals, or the explanation canines and men are companions, or the inception of Tai-me. They determine what befallen a few people.      The last piece of the book, the last third, is for the most part account. of advising fantasies to clarify things, Momaday recounts stories which relate occasions with no noteworthy result. Likewise, rather than the initial segment of the book, the results appear to be terrible ones, or possibly not satisfying. They depict, for a huge part, individuals whom he knows existed and were identified with or were companions of his family. One story tells about Mammedaty, who heard somebody whistling to him, yet couldn't discover the individual. Another tells about how Mammedaty was having issue with a pony, so he shot a bolt at it, however missed and murdered another horse. These endings don't leave the peruser or audience with a nice sentiment

Birth Rate Control Proposal Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Birth Rate Control Proposal - Research Paper Example Uncontrolled direction of kids has various repercussions to the general public with the administration bearing the heaviest weight. For example, however the legislature has burned through billions of dollars in destitution rise and decrease programs, neediness is to be sure exacerbating as opposed to lessening (Roy, 2013). The Welfare program that the administration has been utilizing in supporting poor people and the less lucky in the general public has been mishandled in that a few people have been depending on the program to raise their families. For example, in 1992 Clinton’s battle depended on annulling government assistance in the US government and in making the program a subsequent choice and not a lifestyle for some (Roy, 2013). This was trailed by the marking of the Welfare Reform bill of 1996 that required those in government assistance program to look for positions or lose their advantages (Roy, 2013). From that point forward, government assistance has expanded enor mously in the nation with the 2013 examination uncovering that government assistance dispatched more than $10 every hour in 33 states, while in different states, government assistance transmitted under $8 every hour. Truth be told, today, government assistance pays far superior to the lowest pay permitted by law in excess of 35 states, in America. This recommends a few people qualified for government assistance benefits have a superior life than those working in the field. Another impediment of government assistance is that the advantages are tax exempt not at all like pay rates that are burdened. In this manner, government assistance is an enormous weight to the citizen in the US. On a similar note, taking into account that neediness is on the expansion as opposed to on the diminishing; this recommends even needy individuals relying upon government assistance are bearing more youngsters to be bolstered by the legislature, a circumstance that should be controlled. Teenagers are like wise bearing youngsters because of companion weight and inspiration from the media. For example, research has uncovered that the program Teen Mum circulated on MTN has contributed in numerous youngsters bearing kids with the quantity of birth rates among teenagers in US being the most noteworthy among created countries, and double the birth pace of adolescents in Canada (Chang and Hopper, 2011 and Karen et al (316). There is a need to demulsify the fantasies held by teenagers and which are adding to the high birth rate in  discouraging youngsters from having kids at an early age, and before they have settled monetarily. Another factor that prompts social issues is orientation of kids among individuals who are not intellectually fit to hold up under and raise youngsters; kids from such moms need legitimate consideration as they grow up (Kauffman, 315). Then again, embracing kids in the US is a very monotonous and costly procedure that disheartens numerous planned guardians from rec eiving youngsters (Gilman and Fleivalds, standard 5). The outcome is that there are numerous kids who are enduring mentally because of absence of aâ decent family, a circumstance that must be unraveled by controlling birth rates. This will help inâ ensuringâ fewer kids are conceived in families with the correct ability to care for them with the correct consideration and concern. This proposition targets suggesting a program that may constrain birth rates in the general public

William Shakespeare Life Essays - William Shakespeare, Kings Men

William Shakespeare Life On April 26, 1564, John Shakespeare's child, William, was sanctified through water at the Stratford Parish Church. Nobody knows for certain when his birthday was. (Earthy colored 22) It was felt that youthful Shakespeare started going to class at the age 7, in Stratford. (Wadsworth 344) Before Shakespeare arrived at the age of 13, his family suffered hardships. Shakespeare's conventional tutoring stopped. Around then, William may have started helping his dad in the gloving industry. (Wright 22) There is chronicled warrant for such a methodology. Christian pictures, of course, infest Shakespeare's way of life, all through his vocation he clearly thought as far as them. In the event that those pictures are themselves much of the time figurative, what's more, we ought to consider the degree to which the purposeful anecdotes are joined into the living surface of Shakespeare's manifestations. (Kirch 18) At a youthful age Shakespeare may have seen yearly plays and seen voyaging specialists. These exhibitions perhaps lighted a sparkle that keeps on consuming. (Wright 20) William Shakespeare was an Englishman who composed sonnets and plays. As indicated by numerous he was marked as one of the best writers the world has ever known and the best writers who wrote in the English language. Shakespeare's work depended generally on his senses of nature. His comprehension of others permitted him to completely get a handle on the quality he composed of. (Wadsworth 342) John Shakespeare wedded Mary Arden in 1557. Both the Shakespeare's and the Arden's were ranchers, and offered their items to get by. (Earthy colored 23) Shakespeare had two sisters. Joan kicked the bucket in 1562; Margaret passed on at earliest stages. At that point in 1566 Gilbert was conceived. In 1569 every subsequent youngster named Joan was conceived; in 1571 came Anne, who kicked the bucket when she was multi year's old. Richard was then conceived in 1574 followed by Edmund in 1580. (25) William Shakespeare wedded Anne Hathaway at 18 years old. Anne was in any event 8 years her better half's senior. The marriage record dates November 27, 1582 out of an Episcopal register found in Worchester. (45-46) The custom in Stratford after the oldest child wedded, was for the new couple to live in the place of the husband to be's dad. No doubt, Shakespeare complied with the standard strategy. (Wright 24) Shakespeare and his better half presumably had a decent and glad marriage. She conceived an offspring just a half year after they were lawfully marry. (Wilson 43) Shakespeare's child named Hamnet was just 11 years old when he passed on. He additionally had a little girl named Judith. Judith Shakespeare had 3 children who passed on at youthful ages. Shakespeare's just bloodlines were the relatives of his (second) sister Joan. (Earthy colored 25-26) Between 1585 and 1592, there was no record of a man named William Shakespeare. Commonly alluded to as the lost years. There were no records of his life. A few researchers accept he was living in London filling in as an understudy. Others accept he withdrew and composed under a phony name. (Wadsworth 345) At about age 20, a few people thought youthful William took a dear from a well off man so as to poach. A wrongdoing not endured during that period. (Wright 6) Eight years before the passing of Shakespeare he composed 4 new plays. Some researcher's discussion, which plays, was his last. Almost no was thought about him before the age of 28. (Wilson 38) He kept on visiting Stratford now and again. (Wadsworth 347) He purchased a house in London where he slowly resigned. On April 23, Shakespeare was let go inside the Stratford Parish Church in 1616. Shakespeare was a youthful 52 when he passed on. (Wadsworth 347) For almost a century after his passing Shakespeare stayed progressively a topic for analysis by the couple of than a subject of idolization by the many. (Brown, 2) William Kent raised a stone sculpture of William Shakespeare. The sculpture is situated in the Poet's Corner of Westminster Abby. (Wright 8) Shakespeare might not have felt a calling to compose when he left Stratford, yet he had a long way to go in the huge city of London. (44-45) After Shakespeare went to London, he joined an acting gathering. He had no understanding. He was just an entertainer. (43) William Shakespeare was a significant piece of a troupe called the Lord Chamberlains Men. He in the long run turned into a regarded senior part. (11) Writing plays before long turned into a requesting business. Organizations were continually searching for new material. With scarcely any new plays, organizations started paying for the plays. When a play was sold it turned into the property of the organization. (44-45) Shakespeare composed 37 plays. The plays were isolated into three fundamental classifications: parody, disaster, and history. (Wadsworth 342) With

Mcafee Case Study Essay Example

Mcafee Case Study Essay McAfee Case Study I. Current Situation A. Current Performance McAfee is in acceptable budgetary standing. * In 2004, squared away $347 million in convertible obligation and repurchased $220 million in like manner stock. * Revenue has declined over recent years however net gain has expanded. * Ongoing tasks created over $350 million in real money, with the monetary year finishing off with $1 billion in real money, money counterparts, and speculations. * Deferred income expanded for the period by $220 million. B. Key Posture 1. Crucial. To tie down purchasers and organizations from the work area deeply of the system by conveying best-of-breed items and administrations that ensure †¦ worldwide customer’s data innovation frameworks and foundation. † 2. Destinations: More of an objective â€Å"become overall pioneer in interruption avoidance and hazard the board arrangements and administrations. † II. Corporate Governance C. Top managerial staff 3. George Samenuk (inside) b. Gotten formal instruction at Brown University, Political Science. c. Held different senior administration positions at IBM. d. Previous CEO and President of TradeOut Inc, a secretly held online trade. . Leslie G. Denend (interior) e. Holds numerous Ph. D. s from Stanford University, Economics, Public Policy, and Business. f. Joined McAfee after merger with Network General Corp. , whom she was CEO and President. 5. Robert Pangia (outer) g. Gotten formal instruction from Brown University and Columbia University, Business. h. Held various senior administration positions with Paine Weber Inc. which is a riches the executives specialist organization. I. 1997 to 2003 filled in as a private shipper financier. We will compose a custom exposition test on Mcafee Case Study explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Mcafee Case Study explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Mcafee Case Study explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer 6. Robert B. Bucknam (outside) j. Gotten formal training at Georgetown University with a Juris Doctoral in Foreign Service. . A senior VP of Cross Match Technologies Inc. , a unique mark distinguishing proof supplier. l. Served in numerous administration positions including the Federal Bureau of Investigations, Chief of Staff and the U. S. Branch of Justice, Deputy Attorney General. 7. Liane Wilson (outside) m. She doesn't have a higher education. n. Runs her own counseling firm subsequent to resigning from Washington Mutual as senior VP of data advancements. 8. Robert Dutkowsky (outside) o. Gotten formal training from Cornell University, Industrial Engineering and Industrial Relations. p. Fills in as CEO and President of Engenera Inc and recently held a similar title at J. D. Edwards and Company. q. He has additionally held different senior Management positions with other IT firms. 9. Denis J. O’Leary (outside) r. Gotten formal training from the University of Rochester, Economics and New York University, MBA. s. Worked for J. P. Morgan up until 2003, during his 25 years he held different senior administration positions including Chief Information Officer. t. In the wake of leaving J. P. Morgan he turned into a private financial specialist. D. Top Management 10. George Samenuk u. CEO and Chairman of the Board, since 2001. . Previous CEO and President of TradeOut Inc. 11. Quality Hodges w. President, since 2001. Joined McAfee in 1995. x. Held different official situations inside McAfee. 12. Kent H. Roberts y. Official Vice President, Secretary and General Counsel, since 2001. z. Held different legitimate situations preceding this position. 13. Kevin Weiss {. Offi cial Vice President of Worldwide Sales, since 2002. |. Once in the past Senior VP for Ariba Inc. 14. Eric F. Earthy colored }. CFO and Executive Vice President, since 2005. ~. Already CFO for MicroStrategy Inc. III. Outside Environment: Opportunities and Threats E. Cultural Environment 15. Financial . Early piece of the 21st century had a decline in IT spending. (T) ?. IDC anticipated a development of 16. 9% every year somewhere in the range of 2003 and 2008 in the security programming market. (O) ?. There has been a consistent development of normal 22% in web based business retail deals in the U. S. (O) 16. Mechanical ?. Recently created infections, spyware, and worms influence how well they can deal with their protections (T) ?. Re-appropriating majority of new programming advancement. (O) ?. Expanded utilization of broadband and DSL speed web, developing from 9. million clients to 22. 7 million clients. (O) ?. McAfee holds a 19% piece of the overall industry among the PC assurance organizations. (O) (Exhibit A) 17. Political-Legal ?. Potential misfortunes that outcomes in investors claims against organization. (T) ?. SEC made NAI re-state profit in view of consistence issues. (T) 18. Sociocultural ?. Pleasing to the maturing society. The more seasoned populace needs an item they can rely upon, that is straightforward and simple to utilize. (O) ?. Society is progressing into a remote increasingly portable society. McAfee must know about this and build up an item that will secure PDA’s, remote workstations and cell phones. (O) F. Errand Environment Strategic sort = miner, concentrated on item development and market openings 1. McAfee should hope to grow its portable and remote arrangements. (O) 2. Coordinated effort with VeriFone Holdings, Inc. permits McAfee to be first to showcase with infection assurance for retail location terminals. (O) 3. Advance being beneficiaries of the KM Reality Award, exhibited authority in the execution of information the executives practices and procedures by acknowledging quantifiable business benefits. O) 4. There are many substitute items offered by contenders. (T) 5. High competition exists between firms like Symantec, Computer Assoc. , Trend Micro, and Panda. (T) 6. McAfee faces abroad rivalry. (T) 7. Symantec Products: Norton AntiVirus, Norton Utilities, Symantec AntiVirus. (T) 8. Microsoft changing to Trend Micro for use on all hotmail accounts. (T) 9. Microsoft’s entrance, obtaining GIANT Company Software, Inc. what's more, conveying free enemy of spyware programming. (T) G. Synopsis of External Factors 19. Outside Factor Analysis Summary Matrix (Exhibit B). IV. Inner Environment: Strengths and Weaknesses H. Corporate Structure 20. Practical Structure: Worldwide Sales, Consumer, Mobile, and Small Business, Corporate Strategy and Business Development, Operations and Finance, HR, Risk and Compliance, Worldwide Technical Support and Customer Service, and so on, each have its own Executive or Senior Vice President who report to the President. (S) 21. CEO is likewise Chairman of the Board. (W) 22. Individuals from board and the board are various all through various business zones. Not simply innovation center. (S) I. Corporate Culture 23. Executed a â€Å"Ethics First† program, which is basic for any specialized organization. (S) 24. Positioned in top 10 for a PC programming organization somewhere in the range of 2000 and 2005. (S) 25. Among Computer security suppliers just hold a 15% piece of the overall industry. (W) J. Corporate Resources 26. Promoting * Two classes of items: McAfee System Protection Solution (work areas and servers) amp; McAfee Network Protection Solutions (corporate systems) * Types of items: hostile to infection, against programmer and against spyware, against spam, hostile to mishandle, portable and remote, and packaged. Client base-organizations, governments, and buyers. a. Item authorizing. (S) * Products are evaluated and sold on membership premise Single client, 1yr permit (home web security suite) = $69. 99 (preceding mail-in discount). * Three client, 1 year permit (home web security suite) = $129. 99. * Small organizations are estimated relying upon size of the association and length of permit. b. Items are circulated all through North America, Europe, the Middle East, Africa, Japan, and Latin America. (S) c. McAfee Foundstone Enterprise 4. 0 is the main supplier of interruption anticipation arrangements (IPS). S) d. Joined forces with Dell to build up the McAfee SecurityCenter pack (incorporates McAfee Personal Firewall Plus, McAfee Privacy Service and McAfee SpamKiller). (S) e. AOL started its association with McAfee in April of 2003 (announced obstructing over a billion infection tainted messages in thirteen months time). (S) 27. Money ?. In 2003, NAI was required by the Securities and Exchange Commission to re-state it income for 1998, 1999 and 2000. NAI denied any bad behavior, however consented to reissue the reexamined proclamations after conversations with SEC authorities. The examination managed the way where NAI announced income from deals by its merchants. (W) ?. In a post-Enron business condition, such examinations and the ensuing recalculations of budget reports can negatively affect a company’s estimation of its stock and endeavors to get capital speculation for future extension. (W) ?. In 2002 and 2003, despite the fact that incomes had diminished, NAI kept on putting resources into new innovations, burning through $220 million to gain IntruVert Networks, Inc. , and Entercept Security Technologies, the two of which make interruption avoidance items. S) ?. In 2004, NAI changed its name to McAfee, squared away $347 million in the red, and re-bought $220 million in like manner stock with an end goal to re-structure its capitalization system and accomplish an objective of a 25% working edge. (S) ?. With about $350 million created from progressing tasks, McAfee finished 2004 with almost $1 billion in real money, money reciprocals, and speculations. McAfee plans to utilize this money to buy extra security items. Also, the organization intends to sell its unrewarding Sniffer system to Silver Lake Partners and Texas Pacific Group. S) ?. Extra Information (Exhibit C through E). 28. Innovative work ?. Expanding innovation assets through organization acquisitions (S) ?. Keeps on increasing present expectations in item innovati

Performance Standards and Appraisals Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Execution Standards and Appraisals - Term Paper Example In my working environment, execution examination is a progressing procedure whereby representatives are assessed in a steady premise. The job of execution evaluation in my working environment falls exclusively on the attendant chiefs. It is done as a meeting whereby both the worker being assessed and the medical attendant director fills an exhibition evaluation structure on the representatives execution. Execution in all zones is assessed and workers are measured in a size of one to five with one signifying horrible showing and five meaning brilliant execution. This, as indicated by Laureate Education Inc (2006) is significant as directors may have different perspectives with respect to the presentation of a worker. This likewise cultivates discourse between the director and the representative planned for guaranteeing the worker sees all the parts of the assessment (Laureate Education Inc, 2006). Zones of shortcoming are distinguished and procedures are actualized to help improve rep resentatives execution for example through preparing. All through the procedure, the supervisor leading the examination reports the procedure through taking notes which are then co-marked by the representative being assessed. Execution gauges in my working environment are made as a team with representatives. This is significant as connecting with representatives in structuring execution norms cultivates a superior comprehension of the principles and rules and henceforth they are bound to surpass desires in their exhibition (Laureate Education Inc, 2006). The director controls the representatives in distinguishing practices and perspectives that are useful and useful, and those that could have negative ramifications. These presentation measures in my work environment are imparted through trainings, either hands on preparing or formal trainings. Viably preparing representatives empowers them to comprehend and understand what they are relied upon to achieve and accomplish in their occupations (Laureate Education Inc, 2006). One of the qualities of this examination framework in my work environment is

Ablutophobia and the Irrational Fear of Bathing

Ablutophobia and the Irrational Fear of Bathing More in Phobias Types Causes Symptoms and Diagnosis Treatment Ablutophobia, or fear of bathing,?? is a relatively uncommon but serious phobia that appears to be more prevalent in women and children. Yes, many children demonstratively dislike baths, but a phobia is different. If your healthcare provider is following the new American Psychiatric Association guidelines, she is unlikely to give an ablutophobia diagnosis unless the extreme overestimation of danger persists for more than six months. Ablutophobia, like all phobias, is an anxiety disorder. Its clinically known as a specific phobia, which is an excessive or unreasonable fear of an object or situation.?? It  can manifest in many ways, from a fear of showering to a complete phobia of all washing. Causes of Ablutophobia Like all specific phobias, a traumatic past event is the commonly the trigger for ablutophobia,?? although you may or may not consciously remember it. How did you get ablutophobia? A traumatic past event may have happened to you, a relative or even someone in a movie or television show. For example, some horror film fans claim to develop a fear of showering after seeing Alfred Hitchcock’s Psycho.  This anxiety disorder can also develop from other people’s fears. If a parent or close relative had the same fear, you might have internalized that person’s reactions in childhood.Many kids try to avoid bath time, whether due to fear or simple preference. It is possible that your childhood aversion may have carried over into your adult life. Complications of Ablutophobia Cleanliness and hygiene are some of the top priorities of the modern world and failing to take a daily shower can cause you to look or smell “unclean,” which is generally considered unacceptable. Not washing regularly can have negative consequences, such as: Problems at work or school and in your personal relationshipsIsolation, possibly leading to social phobia or even agoraphobia??A higher risk of developing body image disorders In addition, personal hygiene is a first step toward avoiding illness.?? Allowing dirt and bacteria to remain on your skin and hair for long periods could elevate your risk of both common and rare diseases. This is particularly true if your phobia causes you to avoid hand washing after using the restroom or when preparing food. Treatments for Ablutophobia Like most specific phobias, cognitive-behavioral therapy  techniques are frequently part of a treatment plan for  ablutophobia.?? Your therapist will probably encourage you to examine your fear and replace your negative self-talk with more appropriate messages. She might give you homework assignments that involve taking baby steps such as turning on the shower and sitting in the bathroom with it running. The goal of therapy is for you to practice relaxing and using your newly learned self-talk to soothe your fears while slowly confronting the object of your phobia. If you are extremely anxious, your physician may prescribe  medications or suggest  hypnosis  to help you get the fear under control. Ablutophobia is highly treatable by trained professionals  but nearly impossible to overcome on your own.

Prevention and Treatment Consequences - 550 Words

Prevention and Treatment Consequences of Infectious Diseases (Essay Sample) Content: Prevention and Treatment Consequences of Infectious DiseasesName of AuthorInstitutional Affiliation Prevention and Treatment Consequences of Infectious Diseases As identified by Bowers et al. (2013), the list of causal agents of infectious diseases includes bacteria, viruses, nematodes, arthropods, fungi, and other microparasites. These can gain access to the body and cause contamination in the form of urinary and respiratory tract, vaginal, skin, odontogenic, and intra-amniotic infections. There are four major anti-infective curative medicines used in treating infectious diseases. These comprise of antivirals, antifungals, antibiotics, and antituberculars. Additionally, there are applicable preventive measures used in mitigating infectious diseases through immunizations. The prevention and treatment consequences of infectious diseases are both positive and negative in a number of ways. While application of preventive and curative medication commonly leads to eliminat ion of the causal organisms and ultimate healing from infectious diseases, other issues like increased causative agent resistance, virulence, and immunopathology may arise from preventive and treatment procedures. An analysis by Pinner and Teutsch (1996) indicated that the death rates due to infectious diseases were constantly on the rise between 1980 and 1992. Categorizing age groups and different considerations, this study emerged with results proving that there was a rise in the number of those aged above sixty-five years that died from infectious diseases by at least 25% within twelve years. In the age group 24-44, the ratio was 6.3 times more than before while respiratory tract oriented deaths rose by at least 26%. A later review of trends in 1999 by Armstrong, Conn, and Pinner (1999) proved that the enhancement of prevention and treatment strategies culminated into reduced prevalence and number of deaths caused by infectious diseases. Elimination of infectious diseases is a po sitive and the most outstanding consequence of prevention and treatment of infectious diseases. The first considerable consequence of prevention and treatment that is negative to humans and other animals is resistance developed by causative agents against medication technologically advanced for transmissible ailments. As explained by Bowers et al. (2013), this is the selective ability of causal agents to thrive even in the presence of chemicals or drugs, which would customarily eliminate them. Armstrong et al. (1999) enumerated the common causes of this kind of resistance to encompass selective pressure, mutation, gene transfer, inappropriate use of drugs, and inefficient diagnostics. Additional negative consequences of prevention and treatment of infectious diseases include virulence and immunopathology. Defined as an increasing amount of relativity in pathogenic ability in relation to disease causation and evasion of body defense, virulence can also be increased by the process of disease prevention and treatment. In a research carried out on Mycobacterium Tuberculosis, Marquina-Castillo et al. (2009) pinpointed different strains of virulence in relation to transmissibility, pro-inflammation, and macrophage or innate immunity. They also listed the causes of virulence and immunopathology as selective pressure, mutation, gene transfer, unsuitable use of drugs, and incompetent diagnostics. Infectious diseases remain among the most harmful to human beings and other animals. Over the years, a number of preventive and curative mitigations have been developed for them. According to Armstrong et al. (1999), most of these have proved to be effective in eliminating the diseases. However, a number of negative ...

Rivers West by Louis L´Amour Essay - 1489 Words

Louis L’Amour was born Louis Dearborn LaMoore on March 22, 1908 as the last of seven children. His father and mother are Dr. Louis Charles LaMoore and Emily Dearborn LaMoore, for the first fifteen years of his life Louis lived in Jamestown, North Dakota; a medium sized farming community in the valley where Pipestem Creek flows into the James River. His grandfather, Abraham Truman Dearborn, told Louis stories of battles in history and his own personal experiences as a soldier. As a child Louis spent a great deal of time in a nearby library where his eldest sister, Edna, was a librarian, he was interested in the study of History and always went beyond the scope that was taught in the schools. In addition to the study of History and Natural†¦show more content†¦In the years after leaving Jamestown Louis spent some time as a professional boxer. He was taught well by his father and older brothers and ended up making some extra money from the occasional prizefight. Though h e left school at an early grade Louis had a thirst for knowledge. Throughout his life Louis went to libraries and bookstores all over the world, anywhere he could find. Louis always wanted to write but in his earlier days he thought his writing would take the form of poetry. He struggled for years to craft writings without much teaching except his own knowledge. Eventually, he broke out into a number of little magazines and began placing poems regularly, Poetry, however did not pay very well so he started writing short stories that drew on his life experience, finally, he sold a short story called â€Å"Anything for a Pal† to a pulp magazine called True Gang Life. He made less than eight dollars but he took that as a sign and devoted his time to writing for the pulps. In 1937 he sold a short story called â€Å"Gloves for a Tiger† to Thrilling Adventures Magazine and after this other sales followed quickly. Although he wrote in several genres, Louis’ most financi ally successful stories were the adventure tales he wrote about the captain of a tramp freighter and his crew. Late in the summer of 1942 Louis was inducted into the US army, after his discharge he returned to the US to find that the marketShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Rivers West By Louis L Amour2483 Words   |  10 PagesLouis L’Amour, author of â€Å"Rivers West† and many other famous books and short stories, was born in Jamestown North Dakota March 22, 1908. L’Amour was an indifferent student and dropped out of school at the age of 15. The next two decades L’Amour traveled the world and held many different jobs, he was a lumberjack, an elephant trainer, a miner, and during World War 2 he served as an officer in the tanks corps in Europe. It was not till he came back from World War 2 that he decided to be a writer andRead MoreSwiss Chocolate19949 Words   |  80 Pages1519 and he immediately establishes in the name of Spain a cocoa plantation wher e, henceforth, money will be cultivated. He was the first to introduce cocoa and the utensils in Europe. Then in 1615, The Spanish princess Anna of Austria marries Louis XIII and introduces, amongst other Spanish customs, the drinking of chocolate at the French court. London s first chocolate shop is opened by a Frenchman in 1657. In 1671 A clumsy kitchen-boys drops a bowlful of almonds on the floor. The angry chefRead MoreMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words   |  316 Pagesdifference from the other term of the dichotomy, signifier. A NOTE ON TERMINOLOGY xv tinet prefers to call it, lexeme) work and the grammatical moneme -ing (Chapter I, Section 9). Commutation, a concept the author borrows from the Danish linguist Louis Hjelmslev (Prolegomena to a Theory of Language, translated by Francis J. Whitfield. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1961, pp. 73-75), is a relation between a correlation in one plane . . . and a correlation in the other plane of language

Women Rulers 1601 - 1700

The Works of William Shakespeare Essay - 1429 Words

The Works of William Shakespeare William Shakespeare is customary regarded to be the finest dramatist the world has ever seen and the greatest poet who has created his plays in the English language. Besides, Shakespeare has been the world’s most famous author. No other writer’s works have been published so many times or read so broadly in so many places. Shakespeare knew human nature as few other writers have. He could notice in a particular dramatic case the qualities that refer to all human beings. He could thus produce characters that have notion beyond the time and place of his works. Yet, his characters are not symbolic people. They are prominent individual human beings. They strive just as people do in real situations,†¦show more content†¦In the main tragedies that follow, Shakespeare’s practice cannot be rationed to a single general phrase that covers all situations, for each tragedy refers to a separate type: revenge tragedy in â€Å"Hamlet†, domestic tragedy in â€Å"Othello†, social tragedy in â€Å"King Lear† and so on. Shakespeare changed the drama, widening the audience’s concept of human life and changed the language. His writings, then as now, addressed to a great audience. They reveal both a fundamental knowledge of literature and a deep sympathy with the language and conduct of the ordinary man. The discerning commercial dramatist and the extraordinary gifted artist cannot be divided. William Shakespeare coped with the difficult plot of â€Å"Hamlet† perfectly. In this production, he also produced maybe his greatest gallery of characters. The role of Hamlet is thought to be one of the theatre’s outstanding acting challenges. Shakespeare concentrated the play on the profound conflict between the requirements of his emotions and the irresolute skepticism of his mind. Hamlet displays this conflict in some familiar and brilliant soliloquies. The nature of Hamlet’s character is rather difficult. He is, at the same time, affectionate and cruel, loving and vengeful, a deeply reflective introvert and a man who can act on impulse. In accordance with Ophelia, Hamlet has the signs of an ideal person. By nature, Hamlet is straightforward and honest. Even Claudius commends this side of his character: He,Show MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Works Of Shakespeare1126 Words   |  5 Pagesback story of the author himself; William Shakespeare. Shakespeare was born April 26, 1564 in Stratford-upon-Avon, which is located in the United Kingdom. Even though his goals were to become an actor, he fell into writing and become one of the most well-known writers in his life. There s a lot of controversy surrounding Shakespeare and there s many people who believe that he, himself did not write his famous plays, sonnets, and poems. In his lifetime, Shakespeare wrote thirty-seven plays, five longRead MoreThe Life and Works of William Shakespeare 2100 Words   |  8 Pages William Shakespeare was born the third child and the first son of John Shakespeare and Mary Arden. It is estimated that he was born on April 22 or 23 of 1564 in Stratford-upon-Avon and he died on April 23 of 1616. For that reason it is typically said that his birthday was also on April 23(Lee 8). He married Anne Hathaway and they had three children. William Shakespeare was a man of many talents who wrote numerous pieces in his lifetime. He wrote comedies, histories, tragedies, and romances. ShakespeareRead More Essay on Religion in the Works of William Shakespeare1720 Words   |  7 PagesReligion in the Works of Shakespeare       The purpose of this essay is to explore the religious nature of William Shakespeares plays. This essay covers three topics surrounding Shakespeares work: the religious climate of 16th Century England, Shakespeares upbringing (school, parents, Stratford itself), and a brief introduction into the impact his society and upbringing had upon his work.    I. THE RELIGIOUS CLIMATE OF 16TH CENTURY ENGLAND    In order to understand the religiousRead More William Shakespeare and His Works Essay3349 Words   |  14 Pages William Shakespeare, the figure to whom the most influential works of literature in history are credited, was born in April of 1564 (the exact date is approximated as April 23rd, also the date given as his death fifty-two years later) in Stratford, England to John and Mary Shakespeare. He grew up in relatively middle-class surroundings, attending grammar school and studying Latin, logic, and literature, from which he graduated to marry a woman by the name of Anne Hathaway. With Hathaway he hadRead MoreEssay on The Moor in the Works of William Shakespeare4150 Words   |  17 PagesThe Sources and Representations of the Moor in the Works of Shakespeare      Ã‚  Ã‚   One theme consistently reemployed throughout Shakespeares plays is that of the Other. The Other is usually characterized as a character that is somehow separated, stigmatized, or noted as being different from the mainstream ideal. For the Elizabethan England of Shakespeares time, it may have been a self-defensive maneuver against the encroachment of something which threatened too close to home (Bartels 450). BryantRead MoreThe Works Of William Shakespeare And Sir Philip Sidney1446 Words   |  6 PagesItalian Ludovico Ariosto’s Orlando furioso, and, later, Torquato Tasso’s Gerusalemme liberata (1581), Spenser could not have written his heroic, or epic, poem The Faerie Queene. The corpus of Spenser can be discussed in the context of the works of William Shakespeare and Sir Philip Sidney. The three share an influence in the same popular Renaissance literary genre, Pastoral, which can be depicted as an idealized vision of a simpler, rural life and a longing f or a lost world of innocence. Much happenedRead More Women as Instigators of Tragedy in the Works of William Shakespeare1219 Words   |  5 PagesWomen as Instigators of Tragedy in the Works of Shakespeare    It is the very error of the moon; She comes more nearer earth than she was wont, And makes men mad. (Othello 5.2.112-14)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The moon is often seen in literature as an allegory for love, virtue, and chastity. In Shakespeares comedies, especially, the moon is personified as Diana, the Roman goddess of chastity. In these comedies, the foolish antics of lovers (literally, lunatics) usually occur underRead MoreThe Works Of William Shakespeare s Beethoven 1260 Words   |  6 PagesThere are many fine examples of his quality of work in this period. However, his one opera would have to be at the top of the list. Fidelio was the only opera Beethoven wrote. Not only was it his only opera, but he rewrote it three times with at least â€Å"four different overtures† (Hanning 378). If this does not show Beethoven’s quality is his work then what does? He wanted this opera to be absolutely perfect, and it was fantastic! 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Within these thirty two years Spain had grown to adore Cervantes and celebrate him as Spain’s most beloved novelist. Like any other artist, Cervantes’ life experiences influenced his works which had earned such great success in Spain during his lifetime and even greater success many more centuries onward. The popular

Misuse of Religion - 1720 Words

MISUSE OF RELIGION December 14th, 2006 And an old priest said, Speak to us of Religion, And he said: Have I spoken this day of aught else? Is not religion all deeds and all reflection, And that which is neither deed nor reflection, but a wonder and surprise ever springing in the soul, even while the hands hew the stone of tend the loom? Who can separate his faith from his action, or his belief from his occupations? Who can spread his hours before him, saying, This for God and this for myself; This for my soul, and this other for my body? --Kahlil Gibran As our civilization reaches its peak, it s obvious that it was created to destroy itself. Our past is the biggest proof of this theory.†¦show more content†¦They therefore sacrificed beautiful virgins to the various gods. Did it work? They thought that it did. If they didn t, they wouldn t have continued doing it for so long. This was sunrise of our civilization, but still, it was a brutal way of implementing an old kind of religion. Many years later, the general public opinion is that we have overcome this barbarism, but have we? Later, when Christianity came along, it was still assumed that God was up there in Heaven. Christianity was new religion, and in time, it was accepted by most of the people in the Old World. Christianity became a very powerful and very important aspect of everyday life. Moreover, Christians turned the church into a powerful political, economic and social institution. The church had the power to rule the mob, to collect taxes and to make l aw in the name of God. Furthermore, they gave the pope full veto authority over all decisions of the church council, so the council became men of straw. In one word, they became puppets. All powerful institutions always have opponents. It was just matter of time. To protect the church s interests, all people who didn t obey the rules or didn t pay taxes were prosecuted. For this reason, member of the Roman Catholic Church made a tribunal, called the Inquisition, for the discovery and punishment of heretics. They punished all non-believers and scholars who made controversial progress in science. Most of those people were innocent, butShow MoreRelatedReligion vs. Science859 Words   |  4 PagesBrianna Pace Mr. Jetter English 12P 18 October 2010 Religion Vs Science In many aspects of life, science and religion are shown to disagree with each other; Science focuses on logic and reason while religion relies solely on faith and the belief of a higher power. Both have advantages as well as disadvantages. Some advantages and disadvantages of religion are that you obtain eternal life, spiritual support and guidance, and be a better person through morals and values. With these advantagesRead More Alcohol Misuse1603 Words   |  7 Pagesis alcohol misuse. Alcohol is one of the popular and legally available drugs. 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In arguably he’s most controversial poem, Goodbye Christ; Langston Hughes takes on the role of a disillusioned Christian and repudiates the doctrines set forth in AmericaRead MoreInterpersonal Theory Of Suicide And Suicide1275 Words   |  6 Pagesthat PTSD has a unique relationship to adolescent suicidal behaviour which cannot be linked with depression or gender. Substance misuse Substance misuse increases the risk of suicide attempt and death by suicide. The risk associated with opioid use disorders and mixed intravenous drug use is greater than that for alcohol misuse. The risk of suicide from alcohol misuse is greater among women than among men. Substance abuse is a growing problem among the adolescent population and is another factorRead MoreUmayyad vs Abbasid Dynasties872 Words   |  4 PagesUmayyad vs. Abbasid Dynasties In the rise and spreading of the Islam religion, there were many dynasties that were similar and different in their own way. 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People misuse their clothing, symbols, andRead MoreConceited Judgment and the Pitfall of Pride1298 Words   |  5 PagesIn both of Flannery O’ Connor’s short stories â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† and â€Å"Good Country People,† there is a central theme about the negative effects of trusting one’s own judgment too r eadily, as well as using religion to manipulate people. It is easy to see multiple connections to this theme in the two short stories, although the specific events themselves are different. For instance, Hulga from â€Å"Good Country People† believes her intelligence allows her to see people’s true character, butRead MoreCultural Appropriation : A Celebration Of Indian Culture950 Words   |  4 Pagesshe can be seen performing provocative dance moves and riding elephants. Iggy’s attempt to incorporate lude dance moves and pelvic thrusting into traditional Indian dancing is yet another example of misusing someone’s culture. 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Richard is a clever and inspiring orator as he is a brave and bold warrior. Despite having these conventional heroic traits, Richard is portrayed as a true satanic hero through his corruption of what society views as sacred: love, religion, loyalty, and ultimately himself. Similar to Satan, Richard yearns to exploit what he is restrained from, such as romantic love and marriage. He is deprived of these privileges due to his deformed appearance, and for that reason, he seeks to demoralize

A Brief History Of The Internet Origins Free Essays

By default, any definitive history of the Internet must be short, since the Internet (in one form or another) has only been in existence for less than 30 years. The first iteration of the Internet was launched in 1971 with a public showing in early 1972. This first network, known as ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency NETwork) was very primitive by today’s standards, but a milestone in computer communications. We will write a custom essay sample on A Brief History Of The Internet Origins or any similar topic only for you Order Now ARPANET was based upon the design concepts of Larry Roberts (MIT) and was fleshed out at the first ACM symposium, held in Gaithersburg, TN in 1966, although RFPs weren’t sent out until mid 1968. The Department of Defense in 1969 commissioned ARPANET, and the first node was created at the University of California in Los Angeles, running on a Honeywell DDP-516 mini-computer. The second node was established at Stanford University and launched on October first of the same year. On November 1, 1969, the third node was located at the University of California, Santa Barbara and the fourth was opened at the University of Utah in December. By 1971 15 nodes were linked including BBN, CMU, CWRU, Harvard, Lincoln Lab, MIT, NASA/Ames, RAND, SDC, SRI and UIU(C). In that same year, Larry Roberts created the first email management program. As a side note, Ray Tomlinson is the person who established the â€Å"@† sign as a domain/host designator from his Model 33 Teletype. The first international connection to ARPANET is established when the University College of London is connected in 1973, and RFC-454 â€Å"File Transfer Protocol† was published. 1973 was also the year that Dr. Robert Metcalf’s doctoral thesis outlined the specifications for Ethernet. The theory was tested on Xerox PARCs computers. 974 saw the launch of TELNET public packet data service. UUCP (Unix-to-Unix Copy Protocol) was developed at ATT Bell Labs in 1976, and distributed with UNIX the following year. 1978 saw the split of TCP into TCP and IP. In 1979 the first MUD (Multi-User Domain) was created by Dr. Richard Bartle and Roy Trubshaw from the University of Essex, and was the foundation for multi-player games (among other things). This event marked the gradual decline of productivity over the Internet. In 1981 a cooperative network between CUNY (City University of New York) and Yale was established. This network was called BITNET (Because It’s There NETwork) and was designed to provide electronic mail transfer and list serve services between the two institutions. RFC-801 â€Å"NCP/TCP Transition Plan† was published that same year. It was because of the growing interconnectivity of new networks that the phrase â€Å"Internet† was coined in 1982, and the Department of Defense also declared TCP/IP to be its defacto standard. The first name server was developed in 1983 at the University of Wisconsin, allowing users to access systems without having to know the exact path to the server. 1983 also saw the transition from NCP to TCP/IP, and it was at this same time that ARPANET was split into ARPANET and MILNET. 68 of the current 113 existing nodes were assigned to MILNET. It was also in 1983 that a San Francisco programmer, Tom Jennings wrote the first FidoNet Bulletin Board System, which was capable of allowing both email and message passing over the Internet between networked BBSs by 1988. In 1984, the number of hosts on the Internet broke 1000, and DNS (Domain Name Services) was introduced. Moderated newsgroups also made their first appearance this year, although it would be almost a year and a half before NNTP (Network New Transfer Protocol) would be introduced. In 1985, the WELL (Whole Earth ‘Lectronic Link) was launched out of Sausalito California, allowing San Francisco Bay Area users free access to the Internet. The Internet had grown so fast, and to such large proportions by this time that some control was needed to oversee its expansion, so in 1986, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and Internet Research Task Force (IRTF) came into existence under the IAB. 1988 Saw the advent of IRC (Internet Relay Chat), developed by Jarkko Oikarinen, and it can be safely assumed that the first â€Å"Hot Chat† took place very shortly afterwards. By 1989 the number of Internet hosts had capped 100,000, and the first commercial Internet mail service was created by MCI. In 1990, ARPANET was finally closed down and ceased to exist. Two other notable events this year include the release of ARCHIE by Peter Deutsch, Alan Emtage, and Bill Heelan at McGill, and the first remotely controlled machine to be linked to the Internet; a toaster (controlled by SNMP). 1991 was the year what WAIS (Wide Area Information Servers), was released by Brewster Kahle, of Thinking Machines Corporation; Paul Lindner and Mark P. McCahill released Gopher from the University of Minnesota, and most notably, World-Wide Web was released by Tim Berners-Lee of CERN. By 1992 the number of hosts on the Internet had exceeded 1,000,000 and the first MBONE audio multicast was made. In 1993 InternNIC was created by, the National Science Foundation (NSF). InterNIC provided a centralized organization for domain name registration, and continues to regulate that function today. As the great, unwashed hordes began to flood into the Internet, it was only natural that vendors would soon follow. So in 1995, the first Internet based â€Å"shopping mall† was opened on the World Wide Web. It was also in this year that the World Wide Web edged out FTP as the most popular service on the Internet. In 1995, Compuserve, America Online and Prodigy opened up Internet access portals, and hundreds of thousands of commercial users flooded into what had previously been the private domain of veteran computer users. The average IQ dropped dramatically at this point. Since 1995, some of the new and/or emerging technologies have included Server Push, Multicasting, Streaming Media, E-Commerce, ASP and XML. Although the Internet started out of military necessity, it is doubtful that its creators could envision its impact, not only on the American culture or the world in general, but on the future of the human race. The Internet will continue to grow and evolve in the years to come, becoming an indispensable channel of communication and a catalyst for human evolution. 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Market Environment Analysis Open Family

Question: Discuss about theMarket Environment Analysisfor Open Family. Answer: Industry Overview and Service Description The company, Open Family is an old organization that is into operations for more than 30 years. It was established in the year 1978. The company was founded in Melbourne and since then it has increased its area of operation in the entire country. The organization has various services and primarily it is focused to improve the condition of youth in Australia (Cavalcante Ulhoi, 2011). The company has various community development programs. The website of the company says: For more than 30 years, Open Family Australia has been providing a range of Outreach services to young people experiencing high complex needs The age group of the client of Open Family is the age group of 12 to 25 years. Over 80% of these young people are in this situation due to family break down or family conflict (Walker, 2011). This issue goes across all socio-economic groups and may result in homelessness, criminal activity, drug abuse, mental health problems and disengagement from school or employment. The industry segment in which Open Australia operates is a niche industry. Most of the players that operate in this industry are government organization or government sponsored organization. The industry is not highly competitive in nature and most of the players in the industry would depend on funds received from various corporations (Reidenbach Robin, 2013). This is the reason that the organization like Open Australia would often conduct the fund raising events. In fact, it is believed that close to 25% of the funding for the organization in this industry segment comes from corporate gifts and grants. It is expected that the funding from corporate gifts and grants would increase further for Open Australia and other organizations in this industry segment. A snapshot of the funding of Open Australia for the year 2012 can be shown as: Source: https://www.openfamily.com.au/images/Infographics/HowWeAreFunded2012.jpg The various local governments could be considered as the major players in this industry segment. There are various organizations in Australia that provides alcohol and drug control service. In December 2011, Open Family Australia merged with like-minded youth organization, Whitelion. In the seven months since, both organizations have worked to come together with a particular focus on achieving efficiencies in back office areas such as finance, HR, marketing and fundraising. There are various other organizations in the industry that are the direct competitors of the company. However, the nature of the industry suggests that different players in the market should collaborate together to deliver maximum benefits to consumers (Lin, 2016). The organizations operating in this industry segment would often work under the guidance of the strategies and policies developed by the government at the national and at the state level. It is expected that various players in the private sector would c ontinue to provide the funding to the organizations in this industry so that the life of the Australian youth could improve. Companys Micro and Macro Environment It would be correct to say that the macro environment factors and the microenvironment factors are critical elements for any business. Typically, it is the combination of macro environmental factors and microenvironment factors that would be the basis of the future strategy of the organization (Leeuwis Aarts, 2011). The macro environment and microenvironment factors that affects the business operations of Open Family can be discussed as: Macro Environment Factors The macro environment factors are the factors that would usually impact the industry as a whole. The key macro environment factors for Open Family can be discussed as: Political and Legal: The political and legal factors are key macro environment factors. The political and legal factors are positive for the organizations that work for the social cause. The government of Australia has always supported the organizations in this industry segment. It is expected that the government would continue to support the firms like Open Family that take the steps to help Australian youth (Lin, 2016). Social: The society of Australia has always encouraged the people and organizations to come forward and to help others. It is expected that the social factors would remain positive in this sector. The youth of Australia that takes the wrong way need the support of people and the Australian society is willing to help the youth. Economical: The operations of the organizations operating in this industry would depend a lot on the available funding. The funding would in turn depend on the economic factors. The corporations and people would be ready to fund more when the economic conditions of the country are strong. Technological: The technological factors would ensure that the operations are optimized and the youth get the help in an effective and efficient manner. The key technological factors that have affected the operations of the firms like Open family would include the Information Systems like ERP (Employee Resource Planning) products. Cultural: The cultural factors are a key support function for the organizations like Open Family. Australia is a developed country and the society of the country is an open society. In general, Australians have a helping culture and people are ready to help other. People are especially willing to help the youth of the country. Microenvironment Factors Unlike macro economic factors, the microeconomic directly impact the firm. The microeconomic could be considered as the factors that are specific to any firm or the factors that are internal for the firm. The key microeconomic factors for Open Family can be discussed as: Suppliers: Open Family has a number of suppliers that helps the organizations for various products and materials. However, most of the suppliers are the partners of the company that provides funding to the organization (Minichilli, 2012). It is expected that the suppliers or the partners would continue to have a critical role in the growth and development of Open Family. Public/ Society at large: It appears that the public and society is one of the key stakeholders for Open Family. The public sentiments and the perception of the people in the society also have a direct impact on the operations of the company (Kaufmann, 2013). The public and especially the youth of the country is one of the most important microeconomic factors for the business operations of Open Family. Employees: It would be correct to say that the success of the company depends a lot on the performance of the employees. The management of Open Family believes that employees are one of the biggest assets for the organization (Vaccaro Jansen, 2012). Employees influence the organizational strategies and policies of Open Family. Intermediaries: There are various intermediaries that affect the business operations of the company. These intermediaries include the organizations in private and public sector. Some of these intermediaries are the small firms that help Open Family to arrange fund raising events (Minichilli, 2012). The intermediaries may not be a critical or important microeconomic factor, as intermediaries do not affect the business operations of the company in a direct manner. Market Segmentation One of the basic or the first step of any marketing activity is market segmentation. The targeting and the positioning strategy follow the market segmentation. Simply defined, Market segmentation is the process of dividing a broad consumer or business market, normally consisting of existing and potential customers, into sub-groups of consumers (known as segments) based on some type of shared characteristics (Flint Woodruff, 2012). There are various basis or factors of segmentation. The key factors of market segmentation are demographics, income level, geographic, psychographic and behavioral. The variables involved in the type of segmentation can be discussed as: Segmentation basis Segmentation Type Variables involved Consumer market Geographic Region, population growth rate Consumer market Demographic Age, ethnicity, gender, income, family status, education, nationality Consumer market Psychographic Values, perception, attitude, lifestyle, activities Consumer market Behavioral Brand loyalty, consumer preferences, usage rate Business market Type of Customer Value chain of industry, product lifecycle, size of organization, type of industry Business market Buying behavior Suppliers involved, order size, usage patterns Open Family use combination of more than one segmentation variable to do the segmentation. The two key segmentation variables used by Open Family are demographic and psychographic (Carlsen Andersson, 2010). The segmentation variable for Open Family can be shown as: Demographic Age, ethnicity, gender, income, family status, education, nationality Psychographic Values, perception, attitude, lifestyle, activities Open Family has defined the values for each of the segmentation variables. It helps the organization to put a boundary around is targeted audience and this in turn enables Open Family to have effective targeting strategy in place. The detailed segmentation for Open Family based on the above segmentation variables can be discussed as: Segmentation Variable Volume Age 12 to 25 years Ethnicity Australian (geographic) Gender Male Female Income Low income group and Mid income group Education Low Values Perception These are the people that are mainly low on self-esteem. These are the people who believe that nothing is good in the life. Based on above analysis, the four segments that Open Family should consider for targeting are: Marketing Segmentation Attributes Teenage (Male Female) Age 12 to 18 years Youth (Male Female) Age 18 to 24 years Low Income family group Parents with monthly average income of less than $500 Less educated family group Parents with educational qualification less than graduation The above basis of market segmentation enables Open Family to set a basis of the targeting and the positioning strategy. The market segmentation enables Open Family to divide the target audience into number of groups. The management of Open Family realizes that different targeting groups can have different expectation (Kumar Zia, 2016). Therefore, it is important that the organization addresses the expectations of these groups individually. For example, the perception and the expectations of the youth group that does not have home would be different that the perception and the expectations of the youth group that is alcoholic and under the influence of drugs. It would be correct to say that the market segmentation acts as the basis for management of Open family to reach out to Australian youth. The entire philosophy of segmentation, targeting and positioning can be shown as: Market Targeting and Consumer Profile Once the segmentation is done, the next thing in line is targeting. Simply defined, Targeting or target marketing entails deciding which potential customer segments the company will focus on. The entire objective of targeting is to increase the relevance for brands. With effective targeting strategy, Open Family would be able to develop good rapport with its customer base. The targeting strategy would be a way forward for the company to reach out to consumers. One of the key and widely used targeting strategies for Open Family is to increase the reach through awareness (Schlegelmilch, 2016). The company has invested a lot to increase the awareness level of Australian youth. The company has run several programs with the objective to establish better connection with Australian youth. It is important and it is recommended that Open Family should also have a dedicated targeting strategy based on social media. The social media platforms like Twitter and Facebook is the fastest way to reac h out to consumers and it is suggested that Open Family should increase its presence over these networks to target the potential users in the market. Based on the above discussion, one of the targeting profile for Open Family can be discussed as: Marketing Segmentation Attributes Teenage (Male Female) Age 12 to 18 years This is the group that is prone to drug use or any other addiction. Therefore, it is important to increase the information and education level of people as soon as they enter the teen stage. Differentiation and Positioning The segmentation and the positioning act as the basis of differentiation or positioning. Simply defined, positioning refers to the place that a brand occupies in the mind of the customer and how it is distinguished from products from competitors. Primarily, it is about "the place a brand occupies in the mind of its target audience". Positioning is now a regular marketing activity or strategy. Different brands and the organizations in the industry can have different positioning strategy (Knutsen Brock, 2014). Open family uses the positioning strategy of reliability to reach out to consumers. The organization has created a niche in the market with its positioning strategy for reliability. It is expected that the company would continue to improve its position in the market. It is also important that Open Family should also create focus on core competency or competitive advantage through its differentiation or positioning strategy. Generally the differentiation could be achieved as prod uct differentiation or cost leadership. It is important that Open Family should develop a service differentiation through its reliable services. Open Family believes that its customers should be the advocates of the company (Wright Sturdy, 2012). It means that the youth of the country should spread the word about the various programs that are conducted by Open family. Conclusion The above paper discusses the market environment analysis for Open Family. The organization has various services and primarily it is focused to improve the condition of youth in Australia. The company has run several programs with the objective to establish better connection with Australian youth and it is expected that the company would continue to have a great impact on Australian youth. With the above discussion it can be said that the organization should consider both internal and external factors before developing or before implementing any organizational strategy. The macro economic factors would be mainly external in nature and micro economic factors would be mainly internal in nature. The above paper also discusses the segmentation, targeting and positioning strategy of organization. The segmentation and the positioning act as the basis of differentiation or positioning. It is recommended that Open Family should use segmentation, targeting and positioning as the basis of the marketing mix. There are four key elements of marketing mix. These are product, price, place and promotion. It is recommended that these elements of marketing mix should be based on the segmentation, targeting and positioning strategies. References Carlsen, J., Andersson, T. D., Ali-Knight, J., Jaeger, K., Taylor, R. (2010). Festival management innovation and failure.International Journal of Event and Festival Management,1(2), 120-131. Cavalcante, S., Kesting, P., Ulhoi, J. (2011). Business model dynamics and innovation:(re) establishing the missing linkages.Management Decision,49(8), 1327-1342. Denizer, C., Kaufmann, D., Kraay, A. (2013). Good countries or good projects? Macro and micro correlates of World Bank project performance.Journal of Development Economics,105, 288-302. Minichilli, A., Zattoni, A., Nielsen, S., Huse, M. (2012). Board task performance: An exploration of micro?and macro?level determinants of board effectiveness.Journal of Organizational Behavior,33(2), 193-215. Flint, D., Woodruff, R. and Gardial, S. (2012). Exploring the Phenomenon of Customers Desired Value Change in a Business-to-Business Context.Journal of Marketing, 66(4), pp.102-117. Knutsen, W., Brock, K. (2014). Introductory essay: From a closed system to an open system: A parallel critical review of the intellectual trajectories of publicness and nonprofitness.Voluntas: International Journal Of Voluntary Nonprofit Organizations, 25(5), 1113-1131 Kumar, N.S. and Zia, M., 2016. A Three Dimensional Vertical Differentiation Model: Implications for Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning.Targeting and Positioning (April 3, 2016). Retrieved from: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2758430 Leeuwis, C., Aarts, N. (2011). Rethinking communication in innovation processes: creating space for change in complex systems.Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension,17(1), 21-36. Lin, M. H., Hu, J., Tseng, M. L., Chiu, A. S., Lin, C. (2016). Sustainable development in technological and vocational higher education: Balanced scorecard measures with uncertainty. Journal of Cleaner Production. Schlegelmilch, B.B., 2016. Segmenting Targeting and Positioning in Global Markets. InGlobal Marketing Strategy(pp. 63-82). Springer International Publishing. Retrieved from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-26279-6_4 Reidenbach, R.E. and Robin, D.P., 2013. Some Initial Steps Toward Improving the Measurement of Ethical Evaluations of Marketing Activities. InCitation Classics from the Journal of Business Ethics(pp. 315-328). Springer Netherlands. Walker, R. M., Damanpour, F., Devece, C. A. (2011). Management innovation and organizational performance: The mediating effect of performance management. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 21(2), 367-386. Wright, C., Sturdy, A., Wylie, N. (2012). Management innovation through standardization: Consultants as standardizers of organizational practice. Research Policy, 41(3), 652-662. Vaccaro, I. G., Jansen, J. J., Van Den Bosch, F. A., Volberda, H. W. (2012). Management innovation and leadership: The moderating role of organizational size. Journal of Management Studies, 49(1), 28-51.

Nursing Research Management

Question: Write an essay focusing on the role of nursing in the implementation of the steps of the model in translating evidence into practice. Answer: The effect of Evidence based Practice Models has resonated in the nursing practice, education and science. Such practices include education, practice adoption and curricular realignment; scientific engagement in the field of research and development of a national research network to stud improvement (Stevens, K., 2013).These are ways to provide a nurses care which is guided by the addition of the best reliable scientific knowledge with the expertise of a nurse. The study requires scientific data and research evidence and to apply top quality intervention for their nursing models practices (B, 2015) The various types of evidence based practice models include The IOWA model, The John Hopkins evidence based practice model, The Stetler Model, the Caledonian development Model, The ACE Star model and the Evidence based practice model for staff nurses. The Stetlar Model is a practitioner- oriented model for Evidence based Nursing Practices today. Marram and Stetlar first developed the Stetlar model in 1976 and then refined in 1994 with a set of assumptions and conceptual underpinnings. The model was further modified based on a related utilization concentrated integrative review methodology, targeted proof concepts , and continuing experience through application of the model with clinical professional nurse. The revised model continues to focus on a series of judgemental activities about the desirability, appropriateness, practicability and manner of using research findings in an individuals or group operation (CB, 2015). The model provides a relationship between research use and evidence informed practice which is not the same. Conjugating both of them enhances the overall application of the research. Research use occurs in three forms: Instrumental use: This derives to the concreted directly applied knowledge. Conceptual use: This occurs when the used research alters the understanding or the way an individual thinks about an issue. Symbolic Use or Political/ strategic use: This occurs when information is made use to explain a policy or a decision, or impact behaviour and thinking of others. These diff. kinds of can happen together and can be affected by more than one element at the independent level. The model observed takes on the motive that the users domestic characteristics and outer environmental factors, effective use of knowledge The Stetlar Model is formed on the assumptions lying underneath: The traditional community may not be or maybe involved in a singular use of research or other verification. Applications may be conceptual and /or symbolic/strategic, instrumental. Internal and external factors can affect a person or groups review and use of proof. Investigation and assessment does not provide absolutes but possible results. The Model is comprised of five phases (Stetler, 2010) Phase I: Preparation: The relevant related sources and the purpose of consulting evidence should be indentified and the important factors should be recognized. Phase II Validation: The resources found should be correctly assessed; even a methodically weak resource can be useful if it is properly assessed. Phase II Comparative Evaluation/ Decision Making: The cumulative findings should be synthesized which can used to make a decision. Here if the finding cannot be used the nurse can conduct her own research. Phase IV Translation:A proposal for practice change can be made and strategies can be created a planned change and conventional dissemination. Phase V Evaluation: This can either be formal or informal and both formative and summative evaluations should be included. The model uses prescriptive approach but is complicated and may be difficult for some nurses for interpretation. It uses its five phases considering the know factors of the study and a final evaluation of actual use in practice. Some weaknesses although remain, for example nurses have reported of a negative impact due to the absence of knowledge about research on their own utilization operations. To resolve this knowledge of basic research should be known and also the knowledge regarding the subject and concepts of the model being used in the study should be clear including knowledge about the usage of raw data/ statistical analysis results for individual application. To conclude the model makes use of findings in research to clinical nursing practices, a recommendation change practice on the basis of research which can both be organizational and clinical by nature and for nurses who are more experienced, they have an important role in the traditional research process (Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, 2015). Advanced practice nurses who are suited as leaders are required because they can handle multiple task at the same time . It is advantageous for them to apply a traditional research utility model in their operation.. References B, H. (2015).Advanced practice nurses' application of the Stetler model for research utilization: improving bereavement care. - PubMed - NCBI.Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 24 June 2015, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8047471 CB, S. (2015).Updating the Stetler Model of research utilization to facilitate evidence-based practice. - PubMed - NCBI.https://www.americannursetoday.com/assets/0/434/436/440/5120/5122/5136/5142/73b32c8a-b00a-42ee-8ac5-638619fe8752.pdf. Retrieved 24 June 2015, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11753294 Implementing Evidence-Based Nursing Practice : An Overview. (2015). Retrieved 24 June 2015, from https://samples.jbpub.com/9780763780586/80586_CH05_Keele.pdf Libguides.hsl.washington.edu,. (2015).Home - Basic Introduction to Evidence-Based Practice Resources - HSL Guides at University of Washington Health Sciences Library. Retrieved 24 June 2015, from https://libguides.hsl.washington.edu/ebpintro Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov,. (2015).National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved 24 June 2015, from https://Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Nursingworld.org,. (2015).The Impact of Evidence-Based Practice in Nursing and the Next Big Ideas. Retrieved 24 June 2015, from https://www.nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/ANAMarketplace/ANAPeriodicals/OJIN/TableofContents/Vol-18-2013/No2-May-2013/Impact-of-Evidence-Based-Practice.html

Descriptive Vietnam War Essays (986 words) - Vietnam War

Descriptive: Vietnam War The Vietnam War was a military struggle fought in Vietnam from 1959 to 1975. It began as a determined attempt by Communist guerrillas (Vietcong) in the South, backed by Communist North Vietnam, to overthrow the government of South Vietnam. The struggle widened into a ward between South Vietnam and North Vietnam and ultimately into a limited international conflict. The United States and some other countries supported South Vietnam by supplying troops and munitions, and the USSR and the People's Republic of China furnished munitions to North Vietnam and the Vietcong. On both sides, however, the burden of the war fell mainly on the civilians. The war also engulfed Laos, where the Communist Pathet Lao fought government from 1965 to 1973 and succeeded in abolishing the monarchy in 1975, and Cambodia, where the government surrendered in 1973 to the Communist Khmer Rouge. The position taken by Diem won the backing of the U. S. The government in Hanoi, however, indicated its determination to renunify the nation under Hanoi. The truce arranged at Geneva began to crumble and by January 1957, the International Control Commission set up to implement the Geneva accords was reporting armistice violations by both North and South Vietnam. Throughout the rest of the year, Comunist sympathizers who had gone north after partition began returning south in increasing numbers. The Vietcong's began launching attacks on U. S. military installations that had been established, and in 1959 began their guerilla attacks on the Diem government. The attacks were intensified in 1960, the year in which North Vietnam roclaimed its intention to liberate South Vietnam from the ruling of the U. S. imperialists. ?The statement served to reinforce the belief that the Vietcong were being directed by Hanoi. On November 10, the Saigon government charged that regular North Vietnamese troops were talking a direct part in Vietcong attacks in South Vietnam. to show that the guerrilla movement was independent, however, the Vietcong set up their own political arm, known as the National Liberation Front (NLF), with its headquarters in Hanoi. In the face of the deteriorating situation, the U. S. restated its support for Saigon. In April 1961, a treaty of mity and economic relations was signed with South Vietnam, and in December, President John F. Kennedy pledged to help South Vietnam maintain its independence significantly. In December 1961, the first U. S. troops, consisting of 400 uniformed army personnel, arrived in Saigon in order to operate two helicopter companies; the U. S. proclaimed, however, that the troops were not combat units as such. A year later, U. S. military strength in Vietnam stood at 11,200. On November 1, 1963, the Diem regime was overthrown in a military ?coup.? Diem and his brother and political advisor, Ngo Dinh Nhu, were executed. The circumstances surrounding the ?coup? were not fully clear at the time. The government that replaced teh Diem regime was a revolutionary council headed by Brigadier General Duong Van Minh. A series of other ?coups? followed, and in the 18 months after Diem's overthrow South Vietnam had ten different governments. None of these proved capable of dealing effectively with the country's miliary situation. A military councilunder General Nguyen Van Thieu and General Nguyen Cao Ky was finally created in 1965, and it restored basic political order. Later, in September 1967, elections were held and Thieu becambe president of South Vietnam. A Deepening U. S. Involvement The Vietnam War was unlike any other conventional wars, in the respect that, the war had no defined front lines. Much of it consisted of hit-and-run attacks, with the guerrillas striking at government outposts and retreating into the jungle. The war, however, began to escalate in the first week of August 1964, when North Vietnamese torpedo boats were reported to have attacked two U. S. destroyers in the Gulf of Tonkin. As a result of this attack, former-President Lyndon B. Johnson ordered jets to South Vietnam and the retaliatory bombing of military targets in North Vietnam. Throughout 1965, U. S. planes began regular bombing raids over North Vietnam, but a halt was ordered in May in hopes of initiating peace talks. Bombings were resumed after North Vietnam had rejected all negotiations. During this time the United States continued to build up its troops in South Vietnam. By the end of 1965 the American combat strength was nearly 200,000. The Vietnam War had much, much more details and complexities, but for the sake of time, I only covered a few of them. Peace... Despite the stepping up of U. S. bombing, both sides appeared

bla essays

bla essays The democracy we have in America today is very complex. This democracy starts out with political parties whose main purpose is to gain control of the government by winning elections Appelbaum and Chambliss(1997:366). In the United States, unlike in most other democracies, there are only two political parties with any substantial influence over government policies Appelbaum and Chambliss (1997:366). Third parties are also apparent in elections. These third parties are often successful in smaller elections, but when we are dealing with national elections it is very difficult for the third party to survive the bigger two due to the lack of funding and publicity of the PACs and other interest groups. However, third parties serve a very good purpose. They provide us with more candidates giving us more choices which is what democracy is about. According to my class notes (lecture on government) third parties are sometimes chosen when people are opposed to the candidates from the other two parties. Third parties stand as a sign of choice as well. Voting for a third party is also seen as voting for a better selection of candidates rather than voting for the usual two candidates from the other parties. The president of the United States is not chosen on the popular vote of the people alone but on the Electoral College whose vote is determined by the popular vote of each state Appelbaum and Chambliss (1997:367). This Electoral College is in a sense a vote of the people but at the same time it keeps bigger states from becoming to powerful overwhelming the smaller states. The United States also has three branches of government the legislative, judicial and executive branches. The constitution of the United States provides a system of checks and balances Appelbaum and Chambliss (1997:369). This system of checks and balances pu...

Atkins Diet Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Atkins Diet - Research Paper Example Some of the popular diets are low carbohydrate diets, low fat diets, correct carbohydrates diet and perfect proportions and careful combinations diet. Atkins diet is one of the popular diets recommended for weight reduction. In this article, the benefits and harms of Atkins diet will be explored through review of literature and critical analysis. Atkins diet is a type of low carbohydrate diet that was first introduced by Dr.Robert. C. Atkin in 1972 and revolutionized in the 1990s (Goodwin, 2006). The diet mainly constitutes high-protein meats, poultry, eggs and full-fat dairy products. The diet banishes carbohydrate foods like rice, bread and pasta and encourages intake of high-protein, high-fat food. Atkins diet is based on the fact that consumption of carbohydrates raises the glucose levels in the blood which in turn triggers insulin secretion from the pancreas (Harvard Medical School, 2007). However, high insulin levels make the person feel hungry and this again leads to increased carbohydrate intake. Carbohydrate meal is more satisfying and people prefer to eat such meals when they are hungry. The weight gain thus continues. On the other hand, fatty diet is more satisfying and filling and people tend to eat less. Fatty diet does not make the insulin levels surge. Also, diets low in carbohydrate cause dehydration because not much water is released in the metabolism. Hence the body mobilizes carbohydrates from the stores in the liver and muscle. This results in weight loss (Harvard Medical School, 2007). There are basically four phases in the Atkins diet. They are induction, ongoing weight loss, premaintenance and maintenance phases. The duration of each of the phases depends on the extent of obesity of the person and response to the diet. Most often than not, Atkins diet is recommended in the induction phase during which time, carbohydrate intake is restricted to less than 20 grams per day. Most of the carbohydrates are to be derived from

CEO's and Foreign Policy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

CEO's and Foreign Policy - Research Paper Example Conversely, people can be influenced against a strong truth, based on inappropriate presentation. He begins by explaining that CEO’s can schedule a meeting with President Hu Jin Tao more efficiently than can the prime ministers of China’s allies (Prestowitz, 2003). There is a fallacy, however, in this seemingly innocent statement. It implies, to a Western audience, that CEOs are more powerful than Heads of State. There are several problems with this implication. Not all CEOs have that much power to attract the immediate attention of President Hu Jin Tao. Only a small minority of the 297,640 US CEOs (TrueKnowledge, 2011), for example, can do so. It is not the job title of CEO, nor power, necessarily, that attracts presidential attention. Relationship is of particular importance. Relationship is at the core of Chinese political and business alliances and their priorities (China Import Formula, 2011). Important relationships, for the Chinese, are based on dedication to hon esty, honor, reliability, and personal connection over time, the promoting of relationships built on trust. This is the Chinese concept of Guanxi (China Import Formula, 2011). Meetings for formal purposes, where Guanxi does not play a part, are of far less significance than are meetings between or among people who share relationships of honor.

Burgess and Martin Dehydrating Reagents

Burgess and Martin Dehydrating Reagents An understanding of synthetically useful dehydrating reagents for the reduction of hydroxyl groups, various functional group interconversions and other synthetically useful operations. Oday Alrifai Dehydration of alcohols has been a synthetically useful strategy in order to attain olefins in high yields through the treatment of secondary, tertiary and homoallylic alcohols. Martin sulfurane and Burgess dehydrating reagents have been useful because of their mild and selective properties on alcohol containing species. [1] Both reagents have made a significant contribution in industrial and academic applications, aiding in the synthesis of natural products and drugs. The Burgess Reagent, known as Methyl-N-(triethylammoniumsulphonyl)carbamate (Figure 1), is an interesting reagent assisting formations of 5-membered heterocycles, initially derived from the acyclic precursor by dehydrative treatment. [1] It was first discovered by Edward Meredith Burgess in 1968, but was not given much attention until Peter Wipf proposed the idea of heterocyclic formation. Further research on this reagent, such as the preparation of isocyanides and nitrile oxides from formamides and nitroalkanes, respe ctively, have been investigated. [1] Figure 1. Structure of Methyl-N-(triethylammoniumsulphonyl)carbamate, also known as Burgess’s dehydrating reagent. [1] Similar to the Burgess reagent, Martin reagent (or Martin sulfurane) is another dehydrating reagent possessing high reactivity to allow the production of alkenes, with diphenyl sulfoxide and a alcohol as minor products, occurring fast (approximately one hour) and at below room temperatures. [2] It was James C. Martin who discovered this stable, moisture sensitive sulfurane, also known as bis(ÃŽ ±,ÃŽ ±-bis[trifluoromethyl]benzyloxy)diphenyl sulfur (Figure 2), in 1971. [2][3] Similar to the Burgess reagent, the mechanistic action may be similar, via E1 and/or E2 (or cis) elimination, in order for the treatment of secondary and primary alcohols, respectively. [3] Also similar, cyclic heteroatoms have been more favorable in synthesis, due to carbenium ion rearrangement, via alcoholic dehydration. [3] Figure 2. Structure of bis(ÃŽ ±,ÃŽ ±-bis[trifluoromethyl]benzyloxy)diphenyl sulfur, also known as Martin’s sulfurane or Martin’s dehydrating reagent. [10] Preparation of the Burgess reagent requires the incorporation of two commercially available chemicals, chlorosulfonyl isocyanate (CSI) and trieethylamine (TEA), and ceases in two steps. Figure 3 illustrates the treatment of CSI with anhydrous methanol and dry benzene at temperatures ranging from 25-30 °C, for approximately half-hour. This fairly quick reaction gives good yields (88-92%) of methyl (chlorosulfonyl) carbamate (MCC) which exists as white crystals when filtered and washed with hexanes. The generated MCC is then treated with a solution of TEA in anhydrous benzene, at temperatures ranging from 10-15 °C, over the course of one hour. The generated salt, Methyl-N-(triethylammoniumsulphonyl)carbamate, precipitates into colorless needles (84-86% yield). [1] Figure 3. Preparation of the inner salt (Burgess reagent) from two commercially available compounds, trieethylamine and chlorosulfonyl isocyanate. A special type of elimination reaction is believed to occur during the period the Burgess reagent is operational. The simultaneous elimination of two vicinal substituents, forming an alkene framework from an alkane, is the route of an intramolecular (Ei) mechanism or a syn elimination. The mechanistic action taken by the Burgess reagent, illustrated in Figure 4, will first produce a sulfamate ester by the attack of the sulfonyl group as well as the rapid displacement of the TEA group, by oxygen’s lone pair in methanol (pka=15.5). [1][4] By heating the sulfamate ester, pyrolysis is initiated, the ÃŽ ±-carbon is ionized and bears an ion that rapidly transfers the ÃŽ ²-hydrogen from the cationic to the anionic state. [1] Figure 4. Mechanism illustrating treatment of Burgess reagent with ethanol, allowing the extraction of the ÃŽ ²-hydrogen and formation of the olefin. In general, the extraction of the proton and the expulsion of the leaving group will generate the expected olefin, shown in Figure 5. The production of the olefin depends on the geometry of the molecule, therefore the hydrogen must be present in the syn conformation to the leaving group (TEA) in order for the reaction to proceed. In addition, the leaving group has nucleophilic properties that will allow the proton to be extracted readily in low polarity solvents. It also should bear multiple proton acceptor sites to permit favorable proton capture. [1] It is possible however that the cis elimination not be observed due to carbonium ion stability, which is stabilized by substituents, and/or a more stable configuration by means of rearrangement. [1] Figure 5. Example of a syn elimination, where the proton adjacent to the carbon bearing the reagent is removed and the deuterium remains a substituent with the olefin formation. Pertaining to Figure 5, the type of alcohol group (secondary, tertiary and homoallylic), the configuration and the environment are the main factors that affect the process of the reaction. The dehydration of a secondary or tertiary alcohol, in an aprotic solvent, follows Saytzef’s rule to form a more thermodynamically stable alkene, versus the kinetic product. Oppositely, primary alcohols (Figure 5i) will not yield the expected olefins; rather carbamates via an SN2 pathway as they are energetically more favorable. Steric hindrance is another important factor when treating with the Burgess Reagent.[1] Such an example holds true in primary sulfamate esters where intramolecular rearrangement occurs when temperatures increase due to the restrictions on bimolecular displacement (Figure 5ii). Depending on the conditions of the reaction, such as solvent polarity and temperature, allylic alcohols can either undergo elimination or SN1 rearrangement (Figure 5iii), with more favorable ap proaches of SN1 reactions providing greater than 90% yields. The same is applicable for tertiary alcohols where they can be subjected to rearrangement even though, under normal conditions, undergo dehydration. [1] Figure 6. Examples illustrating i) primary alcohols will not undergo olefin formation, rather producing a carbamate via SN2, ii) sterically hindered compounds can proceed with the formation of a thermodynamic product (Saytzef’s rule) and iii) allylic alcohol dehydration via elimination or SN1. [1] Functional group interconversions (FGI) can aid in many useful syntheses to design versatile compounds. With the assistance of Burgess’s reagent, high yields have been obtained through the transformation of formamides to isocyanides, nitrile oxides from nitroalkanes and nitriles from primary amides, for example. To stimulate the formation of nitriles from primary amides, the Burgess reagent is often employed instead of other reagents. [1] The problem arises when particular reagents come in contact with certain functional groups, requiring protecting groups or alternative multi-step syntheses to carry out the production. Burgess reagent is employed due to its chemoselective properties and its ability to form the intermediate in a fast(er) manner. As a result of this quick reaction, the product is kinetically more favored. [1] Figure 7 illustrates the interconversion of an amide to allow the Burgess reagent to proceed with dehydrative activities, thus yielding isocyanide with re arrangement. Figure 7. To allow dehydration of the alcohol, an amide undergoes interconversion to allow the Burgess reagent to proceed, forming isocyanide. Knowing the environment the alcohol group is in and how its configuration can be altered, the synthesis of natural products in industry, by usage of this reagent, has been of great synthetic value. For example, dihydrooxazoles are important heterocyclic-containing intermediates used in the synthesis of many biologically active natural products. Initially, these compounds have required an extensive multi-step synthesis for their preparation and previous attempts to cyclize have provided low product yields (25%) and an abundance of recovered starting material. [5] Wipf and Miller investigated more efficient protocols that would obtain better yields of the ÃŽ ²-sulfonate derivatives (Figure 8) of threonine and serine via a more selective intramolecular substitution. Treating the hydroxyl amino acid precursors, threonine and serine, with the reagent allowed the production of dihydrooxazoles because of their high reactivity to stimulate intramolecular cyclization. [5] Unlike other reagent s removing hydroxyl substituents, Burgess reagent allows stereospecific production of dihydrooxazoles without the formation of minor products like azirdine or ÃŽ ²-lactam. [5] Figure 8. Formation of the olefin, via dehydration, and proceeding with intramolecular cyclization to form the 5-membered ring. A paper by Rigby et al. investigated phenanthridone alkaloids originating from the narciclasine family and their anti-tumor properties. The synthesis of (+)-lycoricidine involved the use of the Burgess reagent in order to selectively deprotect the hydroxyl group and to promote cis elimination. [1][6] When dehydrated into an olefin, the compound can exhibit antimitotic activity, which in turn can elicit cytotoxic activities involved in the inhibition of plant growth and regulation, for example. [7] Chida et al. reported that synthetic (+)-lycoricidine exhibited strong cytotoxic activity against P-388 lymphocytic leukemia, suggesting stereochemistry was a responsible and an important component for the elevated cytotoxicity. [7] Other synthetically useful examples of products that are of value are medicinal drugs such as Efrotomycin, which is a new class of antibiotics eliciting anti-bacterial properties that act on gram-positive bacteria, [8] and Pravastatin, which is involved in the management of atherosclerosis and is a regulator of blood lipid levels. [9] Burgess reagent is either involved in the final step in order to form the olefin or participates in a one or two-step synthesis for the production of the precursor. Other uses of the Burgess reagent have been investigated by Canadian researchers at Brock University by designing thermally stable versions of the Burgess reagent with an objective to improve reactivity on epoxides, diols and vinyl oxiranes in comparison to the original reagent. [17] They tested the reactivity of the Burgess reagent with oxiranes, both in cyclic and acyclic conformations, providing low yields of sulfamidates. Also, epoxidation reactions, which required two equivalents of the Burgess reagent, provided cis-sulfamidates at low yields. [17] Since yields were not above their expected 40%, new derivatives created by Metcalf et al. allowed for anion or cation stability in the zwitterion. They tested thermal stability by monitoring the decomposition, in THF-d8 at 50 °C, of four new versions of the Burgess reagent showing stability and reactivity of the original reagent can be improved by inductive components of the zwitterion. [17] The inductive effects depress the nucleop hilicity of the carbamate anion, reducing formation of the sulfamidates and favouring diamine formation. This allows for the Burgess reagent to be synthetically useful in work other than dehydrative operations. [17] Figure 9 illustrates the conversion of a styrene diol to the diamine compound by treating with the modified Burgess reagent 1. Figure 9. Treatment of the modified Burgess reagent 1 with styrene diol, yielding a diamine compound to demonstrate other uses for this reagent. Martin sulfurane not only participates in dehydrative reactions but also in several other synthetically useful reactions, such as the production of sulfinimines, epoxidation reactions, cleavage of amides and oxidation. [12] Preparation of the diphenylsulfur compound incorporates commercially available 2-phenyl-2-propanol, using potassium hydroxide as the deprotonating agent, bromine and diphenylsulfide. [12] Stereospecificity of a molecule, as a reactant or product, is important in order to carry out biological functions. Under certain conditions, such as varying solvent polarities and reaction temperatures, Martin sulfurane induces stereospecific dehydration that allows for the formation of certain isomers. (E)-isomerism in certain products exists because of trans-E2 eliminations, whereas the (Z)-isomer is more favored due to the attachment of the sulfurane in the antiperiplanar conformation for the E2 elimination. [2] The mechanistic action first involves the exchange of the alkoxy ligand on either side the sulfurane, producing an alkoxysulfonium ion as a result of ionization and then proceeding through E1 or E2 elimination. [12] Illustrated in Figure 10, using tertiary-butyl alcohol as an example, Arhart and Martin suggest that all alcohols used in their experimental appeared to exchange rapidly with the alkoxy ligands of the Martin reagent. The cause of this is not definite but it wa s proposed that a dissociative mechanism was carried out. [10][11] Figure 10. The proposed mechanism illustrating the production of the expected olefin by means of dehydration when Martin sulfurane is used. Similar to the Burgess reagent, dehydration of secondary and tertiary alcohols yield the expected olefin but treatment of primary alcohols, such as ethanol and neopentyl alcohols with Martin reagent, favors the formation of unsymmetrical ethers due to the absence of structural features that aid in the elevation of ÃŽ ²-proton acidity. [10][11] Wensley et al. reported that treatment of a secondary alcohol with Martin sulfurane can lead to the production of a ketone by oxidation, in addition to the predicted olefin containing compound during the synthesis of their natural product containing a spiroketal enol ether. They proposed that the intermediate, containing the alkoxysulfonium ion, had proceeded forward via two possible routes, one of which was the deprotontation of the ÃŽ ²-proton allowing the olefin (or enol ether) formation and/or the other resulting in oxidation through intermolecular deprotonation by the excess –ORf (Rf = C6H5C(CF3)2 . [13] A paper written by Moslin and Jamison investigated the synthesis of (+)-acutiphycin, a natural metabolite found in blue-green algae, exhibiting effective antineoplastic activity against Lewis lung carcinoma and a potent cytotoxic agent against KB and N1H/3T3 cell lines. [14] The synthesis of (+)-acutiphycin underwent intermolecular condensation, through application of the Reformatsky reaction, affording a ÃŽ ²-hydroxy ketone followed by dehydration with the Martin sulfurane. [14] Prior to treatment with Martin sulfurane, samarium (II) iodide (SmI2 or Kagan’s reagent) was used to carry out the intramolecular Reformatsky reaction. [14] SmI2 has its limitations when intermolecular rearrangements occur because of side reaction formation and and oxidative dimerization of the enolate by the samarium therefore when coupled with Martin sulfurane, a 2-step sequence was carried forward to overcome sterically hindered structures (Figure 11). [12][14] Figure 11. Neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimers are caused by the degradation of the nerve growth factor (NGF) in the neurotrophin family of proteins. Therapeutic potential of NGFs have been extensively studied for the prevention, slow progression and even the reversal of these disorders. [15][16] Trzoss et al. have investigated other therapeutic strategies by synthetically mimicking neurotrophins in order to allow their biosynthesis. [16] The enantioselective synthesis of (-)-jiadifenin was carried forward with the assistance of Martin sulfurane. Trzoss et al. were unsuccessful when trying to eliminate the secondary alcohol via Barton-McCombie deoxygenation as well as mesylation and treatment with a variety of bases in order to obtain the desired alkene. When treated with Martin sulfurane, the olefin was obtained and was selectively hydrogenated, obtaining a 72% yield in two steps. [16] Geng and Danishefsky recently synthesized the macrolide aigiolamycin D, via Diels-Alder, using disiloxydiene and a 14-membered dienophile also known as the ynolide (or dienophile).[18] Having two or more of the same functional groups within a system can be difficult when trying to selectively treat one of the targets. Protecting groups are important in unsymmetrical synthesis, in comparison with symmetrical molecules which are chemically equivalent and protecting either side (with functional groups) is simple. Greg and Danishefsky proceeded to protect the diol group to allow the loner –OH unit to participate in the upcoming sequences. The loner –OH was protected via a silyl ether to allow the deprotection of the pivaloyl ester and formation of the –OH group. This –OH group can then be treated with Martin sulfurane, in methylene chloride solution, to form the resulting olefin and then deprotection (or conversion) of the dioxylane to the diol. 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